Black Reconstruction Leaders essays

Black Reconstruction Leaders essays This article is about the emergence of black politics and its eventual decline before and after Reconstruction. By the end of 1867 virtually every black voter that could vote was a member in the Union League or some other political organization. Political organizations served as a political school for blacks, a way for blacks to get deeply involved in politics, a way for blacks to have some control of their new found freedom, and a media through which they can make their voice heard during reconstruction. But hate, redemption, and the overthrow of reconstruction eventually destroyed black politics. Hundreds maybe thousands of blacks held political positions ranging from constable, to school board official, tax collector, and sheriff. They were most extensive in South Carolina and Mississippi. Leaders tended to be teachers and preachers. Literacy determined other leaders. They tended to be lighter skinned and prosperous or benevolent leaders. Many times, they worked hand in hand with white republicans. But the National Republican Partys views had precedence over the needs of the black organizations. Black leaders had to side with ideals that wouldnt be in the best interest of blacks, or join the Democrats in opposition, which would further alienate them from Northern Republicans. Even though blacks made up most of the Republican voters they were barred from the most important positions. At height, blacks during reconstruction envisioned a society with no racial distinctions. They felt that rights that were enjoyed by whites would have to be enjoyed by blacks. Anything less would be against the principals in which our country was founded. ...

Free Essays on Bogus Parts

With aircraft inventories aging, â€Å"bogus† aircraft parts have become a serious problem for commercial and civil aviation on an international scale. The high cost of approved aircraft parts and relatively lax enforcement have created a lucrative market for criminals to introduce counterfeit and misrepresented aircraft parts into every facet of the aviation industry. The aviation industry has dubbed aircraft parts as â€Å"bogus† which are fraudulent knock-offs, parts with misrepresented age, parts with prior crash damage, or parts with misrepresented composition(such as parts made of an inferior alloy). The Federal Aviation Administration has placed â€Å"bogus† parts in the much broader category of â€Å"unapproved parts†. The category of unapproved parts can contain â€Å"bogus† parts as well as legitimate parts that are misused and legitimate parts that have merely an incorrect paper-trail. The Federal Aviation Administration contests that a vast majority of unapproved parts are legitimate aircraft parts with incorrect or insufficient paper-trails. Many critics have accused the Federal Aviation Administration of using the innocuous category of unapproved parts as an attempt to hide the serious problem of â€Å"bogus† parts from the flying public. As reported by BusinessWeek magazine: â€Å"The FAA allegedly pressured the NTSB to stop listing bogus parts in its database as a possible cause of crashes, according to four independent sources: a senior FAA official, as well as sources in the Transportation Dept., the airline industry, and congressional staff.† The Federal Aviation Administration maintains that they did not pressure the NTSB and recommended the changes to make the database more accurate. Currently no accidents are listed with the probable cause of â€Å"bogus† parts. One aspect pertaining to the success of â€Å"bogus† parts sales is the potential savings to maintenance departments and the potential profit to parts b... Free Essays on Bogus Parts Free Essays on Bogus Parts With aircraft inventories aging, â€Å"bogus† aircraft parts have become a serious problem for commercial and civil aviation on an international scale. The high cost of approved aircraft parts and relatively lax enforcement have created a lucrative market for criminals to introduce counterfeit and misrepresented aircraft parts into every facet of the aviation industry. The aviation industry has dubbed aircraft parts as â€Å"bogus† which are fraudulent knock-offs, parts with misrepresented age, parts with prior crash damage, or parts with misrepresented composition(such as parts made of an inferior alloy). The Federal Aviation Administration has placed â€Å"bogus† parts in the much broader category of â€Å"unapproved parts†. The category of unapproved parts can contain â€Å"bogus† parts as well as legitimate parts that are misused and legitimate parts that have merely an incorrect paper-trail. The Federal Aviation Administration contests that a vast majority of unapproved parts are legitimate aircraft parts with incorrect or insufficient paper-trails. Many critics have accused the Federal Aviation Administration of using the innocuous category of unapproved parts as an attempt to hide the serious problem of â€Å"bogus† parts from the flying public. As reported by BusinessWeek magazine: â€Å"The FAA allegedly pressured the NTSB to stop listing bogus parts in its database as a possible cause of crashes, according to four independent sources: a senior FAA official, as well as sources in the Transportation Dept., the airline industry, and congressional staff.† The Federal Aviation Administration maintains that they did not pressure the NTSB and recommended the changes to make the database more accurate. Currently no accidents are listed with the probable cause of â€Å"bogus† parts. One aspect pertaining to the success of â€Å"bogus† parts sales is the potential savings to maintenance departments and the potential profit to parts b...

According to the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

According to the instruction - Essay Example The Bosman case came about for the reason that of a Belgium player going by the name Jean-Marc Bosman (Rafaeel, 1997). He had a contracted with the RFC liege. However, his contract had expired and opted for a transfer to the French side Dunkerque(Faridah.p78,2001).Due to the systems during the time Liege refused to let Bosman leave without transfer fee being paid in which Dunkerque was not willing to pay. However, Bosman argued that, being a European Union citizen, he was fully entitled to the freedom of movement within the premises of European Union to earn a living. In the contrary the system of transfer prohibited him from exercising his exact right of freedom of movement. Following these disagreements which arose from the transfer saga Bosman argued that changes in system and policy should be effected to allow players whose contract had ended with a certain club could freely move to another club without the payment of the transfer fee (Inuendo, 2003). The European court of justice held the proceedings and it found favour of Bosman and it was against Liege football club, the football association of Belgium and the UEFA. It emerged that two very vital decisions arose from the court declaration: For out of the contract players it was illegal to pay the fees for transfer of players where a player was shifting from one club to another or between one nations of the European Union to the other. Commencing those only players still on service with their club teams is required to pay the transfer fees. Moreover, the prohibitive ration were rendered to be against the law. It was free for the clubs to have as many foreign players in their teams as they wished from other countries within the European union sphere of influence.(Gary.p89,1997) The situation before the Bosman ruling was pathetic with the reference on the transfer of players and the quota systems. Before the ruling, a football player

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Art history - Essay Example Condottiere was the name given to the captain or leader who commanded a mercenary in the 14th and 15th century in Italy. The leader together with his mercenary engaged in fights in the Italian city-states on behalf of the contracting Papacy and the city-states. Thus, the word condottiere originated from condottiero meaning contractor. The mercenary worked with states directly fighting for them, and a fighting contract was signed with the highest bidder. Nevertheless, the contract bound them to a certain city or state with whom the contract was signed, but they moved from one lord or city to another, a game that was fatal for both parties. Additionally, some condottiere had their own small towns acquired through inheritance of conquer, for example, Attendolos who founded the Sforza family. In the Renaissance society, military skill was very expensive, but a wealthy city such as Venice was in a position to afford the services of a condottiere and his mercenary. Therefore, such wealthy cities hired military services only when needed, and this provided a way for them to spare its citizens from the horror and the rigors of war, and save on the cost of maintaining a standing military. Furthermore, the condottiere played a significant role in influencing the field of art as some of the greatest statues of all time in Italy were of the condottiere. An example of work of art that demonstrates the role of condottiere is Denatello’s Equestrian Statue of Erasmo da Narni, referred to as Gattamelata.

Lyndon Baines Johnson Essay Example for Free

Lyndon Baines Johnson Essay In President Lyndon B. Johnson’s State of the Union speech in January of 1964, â€Å"The War on Poverty† was declared. Johnson personally appointed Sergeant Shriver to assist him in assembling a committee of academic and civil rights activists. Shriver asked Johns Hopkins University pediatrician, Dr. Robert Cooke, to gather a committee of the best specialists in all fields relating to children (University of Michigan, n.d.). All members of the committee met in January of 1965 to discuss a program intended to assist children in overcoming obstacles or setbacks caused by poverty. The University of Michigan (n.d.) Web site reports that among the suggested names for the program were â€Å"Baby Corps† and â€Å"Kiddie Corps.† Many of the committee members felt that having â€Å"corps† in the title would help link the program to positive political activism. However, it was ultimately agreed that the name Head Start was most suitable. The name refers to the intended close in the achievement gap between lower class students and their middle class peers. The program’s design afforded these students from lower class communities the opportunity to get academically closer to the assessed levels of their future fellow classmates (University of Michigan, n.d.). A few months later, in May of 1965, President Johnson publicly announced Project Head Start in the White House Rose Garden. The same year, Head Start began as an eight-week summer program for children from low-income communities on schedule to be enrolled in public schools in the fall. In that summer, more than 560,000 children across the country were served. The program provided preschool classes, dental care, medical care, and mental health services (University of Michigan, n.d.). The rationale for the institution of the Head Start program, and more importantly, its federal funding, is based on several factors. Children from low-income families are associated with higher rates of academic failure and are at a greater risk for being held back in grade school (Bendersky Lewis, 1994). There is a higher incidence of teen pregnancy as well as poorer adult employment records among those raised in poverty (Lamb, Land, Meadows, Traylor, 2005). Teens that have become pregnant are more likely to drop out of school and once out of school they are forced into accepting lower paying jobs. In turn, they raise their children in poverty. Of children raised in low-income families, 36% attend college, while 88% of students from affluent homes do so (Howard, 2001). Consequently, the disadvantage in terms of wage earning power is perpetuated. There has also been a correlation shown between poverty and an increased likelihood of smoking and illegal drug use (Klerman, 1991). In order to combat the negative consequences of poverty upon a childs outcome and disrupt the cycle, it was hypothesized that intervention programs in early childhood would positively affect long-term development. In fact, research results have borne this out. A great deal has been learned from research regarding the knowledge and skills required for children to be academically successful. Among preschool-aged children, letter knowledge, vocabulary, and phonological awareness, in addition to emotional and social factors, have significant impact on later academic success. For instance, predictions of tenth grade students’ reading scores can be, and have been, made with relatively precise accuracy based on knowledge of fundamental concepts such as the alphabet in kindergarten. As a matter of social policy, ensuring that children are equipped with the basic skills proven necessary to begin school ready to learn is a national responsibility (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Eighty percent of states in the United States have developed initiatives aimed at preparing young children for kindergarten. These 40 states recognize that children from low-income communities typically enter school several steps behind their more privileged peers with regard to skill and basic knowledge. The difficulty is on not only the student, but also the school in compensating for this variance. According to the Head Start Policy Book Web site (White House Bush Administration, 2004) more than half of the children growing up in today’s society are not cared for solely by their biological parents. These various guardianship arrangements play a role in preparation and take a toll on a child’s willingness or ability to focus and be ready to learn the offered curriculum. In 2001, states were given an additional reason for development of high-quality programs geared toward preschoolers with the No Child Left Behind Act. The Act holds states responsible for making sure that math and reading are proficiencies for all children. Based on research related to the positive effects of quality preschool programs coupled with the accountability factor on states for student performance, states should want to take control of delivering Head Start programs to provide a preschool experience that readies children for entering kindergarten (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Head Start’s comprehensive program includes activities intended to promote emotional, cognitive, and social development of children, in addition to providing health services for impoverished children. Taking into account studies on quality preschool programs discussed, seven presidents to date have felt that emphasis on early learning, and education as a top priority is the best method for preparing children for success in the long-term. Research shows that successful acquisition of specific language, reading, and social skills early on in a child’s development predicts future success not only in school, but also in life. This success in and out of the classroom has both a direct and indirect impact on the country as a whole. According to the Head Start Policy Book Web site, â€Å"Head Start sites that have implemented carefully designed programs that focus on school readiness have shown significant gains for children† (White House Bush Administration, 2004). The Strengths Framework has been utilized in composing this document. The first component of this framework states, â€Å"Social policies are societal responses to social problems.† Head Start is a policy that was designed as a direct response to poverty, which is one of America’s historically greatest social problems. In order for the policy to remain continuously successful for another 44 years, politicians must not lose sight of the positive impact that a high quality education has on children as they develop and ideally become productive members of society. Two of the most noted studies on early childhood intervention include the Abecedarian project, which began in 1972 and continued to monitor results for over 21 years, and the Perry Preschool study, which began in 1962 and concluded 27 years later. The findings of the Abecedarian project (Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, Miller-Johnson, 2002) included higher cognitive test scores, higher scores for reading and arithmetic, a greater likelihood of attending a four-year college, and a lesser likelihood of becoming a teen parent or using marijuana, for those who participated in the program. Recounting the results of the Perry Preschool program, as a member of the research team, Dr. Lawrence Schweinhart (2002) reported that 7% of adult participants had been arrested five or more times compared with 35% of those who had not participated and 7% of participants had ever been arrested for a drug-related offense compared to 25% of non-participants. Participants were four times more likely to earn $2000 or more per month, almost 3 times as many own their own homes, and twice as many own a second car. Seventy-one percent of participants either graduated high school or received a GED compared to 54% of non-participants. When taking into account the results of higher earnings and income tax revenue, decreased utilization of special education and welfare services, and savings resulting from crime reduction, the study found that every public dollar spent on the program saved $7.16 in tax dollars. Early childhood is identified as the period between birth and age five. This period is a critical time as a child develops emotionally, physically, socially, and cognitively in a way that will affect the rest of his or her life. The pre-school learning is vital to success from kindergarten on into college (White House Bush Administration, 2004). Therefore, the overall goal of Head Start is to influence the level of social competence positively in children from families considered to be living at or below the poverty line. For the purpose of this paper, social competence refers to the child’s effectiveness in dealing with not only his or her current environment, but more about future responsibilities. The interrelatedness of intellectual and cognitive development, mental and physical health, and nutritional requirements are among the most important factors taken into account with social competence (City of Phoenix Human Services Department, 2008). In the 1998 Reauthorization of Head Start, Congress concentrated on perpetuation of the ideals that school readiness has a tremendous influence on the future of the nation. This was based, in part, on current research showing that improving the educational components of preschool programs is the best predictor of childrens future success in school. According to the White House Bush Administration (2004), â€Å"Congress set specific educational goals, including a requirement that at least fifty percent of Head Start teachers have an Associate degree or beyond by 2003, and required prioritized inclusion of reading and math readiness skills in Head Start curricula.† The Head Start program was created to provide comprehensive services to preschool children of low-income families. Included in these services are health services such as frequent medical screening, immunizations, nutritional assistance, and dental care. The services mostly associated with the Head Start program are cognitive development, school readiness, social skills training and enhancement, and mental health services. In addition, parents are given the opportunity to take part in the decision-making process as to the care of their children and as such, the program fosters parental involvement enhancing community cohesion. Additional support services for the families of Head Start participants are also provided. Originally, these services were only available to children between the ages of three and five. In 1994, Head Start was expanded to provide these services for infants and toddlers as well with the program extension of Early Head Start. The program also provides services to children with disabilities and their families. Head Start development programs are intended for low-income families. Family income is one of the primary factors in determining entitlement. The federal poverty guidelines, which are updated annually, are used to evaluate a family’s income. In addition, Early Head Start and Head Start programs must make at least 10% of their enrollment opportunities available to children with disabilities. A family is eligible for Head Start and Early Head Start services if it is able to meet the income guidelines and also one or more of the following: You have children from 6 weeks through 5 years, or You are pregnant, or You have children with special needs with an Individual Education Plan (IEP), or Individual Family Services Plan (IFSP), or You have foster children with high risk factors, or You are a parent with a disability and/or possessing disabling conditions. (Source: Parents in Community Action, Inc., 2009) Additionally, recent changes to entitlement eligibility under 37 U.S.C. 402a (g) allow children and spouses of members of the armed forces who receive supplemental subsistence allowance to withhold that income when being considered for Head Start services. The official verbiage states that any person â€Å"who, except on account of such allowance, would be eligible to receive a service provided under the Head Start Act, shall be considered eligible for such benefits notwithstanding the receipt of the allowance. The subsistence allowance would therefore not be counted in determining eligibility for programs authorized by the Head Start Act (Administration for Children Families, 2009). Grants are awarded by the federal government to local private and public agencies for the sole purpose of implementing Head Start programs to provide comprehensive child betterment and development services to families and children within their communities. Head Start was primarily enacted as a means of helping children, but it does provide services to low-income families as well in order to indirectly provide positive support to the child’s care system in the home. The mission of Head Start is to â€Å"promote school readiness to enable each child to develop to his or her fullest potential† (White House Bush Administration, 2004). As of 2004, more than 900,000 children annually had been reported as taking advantage of the services offered. These services included comprehensive health services, dental and physical exams, immunizations, and nutritional services, in addition to the education-related services. However, only 20% of the 900,000 children served in 2004 were enrolled in programs that provided full-day/full-year services for children of working families. In the fiscal year 2004, President Bush, according to the White House Bush Administration (2004) requested $6.8 billion in Head Start Program funding, which was an increase of more than $148 million over 2003. Beyond Head Start, federal legislation has created several other preschool programs aimed primarily at improving upon the academic growth of children considered poor and/or disabled. These include: Title I preschool program, which is intended to help prepare children for school in high poverty communities Early Head Start to promote healthy prenatal care for pregnant mothers and to enhance the development of infants and children under age 3 Special Education Preschool Grants, State Grants program, and the Special Education Grants for Infants and Families program, which between them provide funds for states to build early education programs for children with disabilities between birth and age 5. In addition to the preschool programs that have a primarily educational focus, the federal government provides states with $4.8 billion through the Child Care and Development Block Grant in order to pay for childcare programs. States have also used as much as $4 billion annually from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant program to pay for childcare that serves working poor and low-income mothers (White House Bush Administration, 2004).

awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short story â€Å"The Awakening† by Kate Chopin the main character Edna commits suicide as a finale escape from the oppression of the Victorian society she lives in. The reader is prepared for this conclusion to the story because the plot line evolves in only one direction, downward. There are also sufficient clues as to the conclusion woven into the experiences Edna faces. Two of these clues lie in the awakening Edna experiences and the rejection she faces because of this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first time the reader gains a glimpse of the horrendous conclusion is when Edna experiences her Awakening in the novella. Edna becomes self-aware of this at the birth of Madame Adà ¨le Ratignolle child. During this scene Edna confesses to the reader that she could never become the mother type. This is in strict contradiction with Victorian societies expectations of a female. Another prime example of Edna’s awakening is the move she undertakes. She is overcome with the feeling that she can no longer stay in a house that her husband paid for and she moves just around the corner. This was simply unheard of in Victorian society and was completely opposite society. Due to this complete and total rejection of the societal norm the reader is able to infer that this story has a twist to it that is abnormal or expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next big clue that the reader receives to the conclusion of this story is the reje...

Music and Literature Essay

Music and literature have played an important role in our community and society since not only humans but the earth was born. It’s still a great mystery as to who invented or made music first. But first of all we shouldn’t focus as to when was music made but should see that what actually music is? How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies. Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art, lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition. Music is sometime said to be a branch of literature. Now the question stands that what is literature? Literature is the body of all written works; the collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture; all the papers, treatises, etc. published in academic journals on a particular subject. its particularly hard to understand but in simple words literature means a piece of work written deeply form the or whatever your experiences and brain say and to put that experience and the work of brain into a piece of writing. Literature comes from the Latin word literra meaning a piece of writing. Literature has many branches like narrative stories, novels, poems and etc. Music is also a famous branch of literature. There are many music lovers found all over the world. Music is further separated into many other branches e.g. jazz, pop and etc. Music has been with us since the start of our beautiful earth. Music is just an inch away from us always: it’s in the rustling of leafs, the sound of waves hitting the shore, the quite sound that trees make when they sway in the air.

Chiaroscuro: The Beauty in a World of Gloomy Grey

Defined as a technique of contrasting dark and light to highlight elements within a piece of art or a story, chiaroscuro is displayed throughout The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Also prevalent in many masterpieces created by Rembrandt during the 17 century, Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to create a focal point in his paintings and evoke personal thought. Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to focus on the element of overall sin and to illustrate conflicts between characters.A comparison of chiaroscuro in Rembrandts paintings and Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, provides a deeper understand of how light and dark play a key role in the development of characters and theme. Sin is one of the most important themes in The Scarlet Letter. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne presents nature as being evil. For example, the forest displays a moral wilderness that is encompassed within a dark and gloomy atmosphere. However in Chapter 18, Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro as a device to show a change i n the forest as Hester succumbs to the evil of nature and of her sin.â€Å"†¦she undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it†¦All at once, as with a sudden smile of heaven, forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  During this scene, Hester releases herself from the burden that the scarlet letter brings. As Hester gives into her natural instincts, the forest around her slowly begins to brighten and become overcome by light. This new found light in the forest that grows hand in hand with Hester’s happiness is shown to be good and/or normal based on Hawthorne’s tone.He focuses on the beauty of the light and how it highlights every living thing in the forest, almost in an angelic way. The tone and use of chiaroscuro in this passage allows the reader to believe that giving into your natural instincts and wants is not necessarily wrong or sinful, but nothing more than a part of life. Rembrandt uses a similar approach in using chiaroscuro in his painting Nightwatch (1642). Rembrandt does not use the light to focus on a certain character or object in the painting; rather he exemplifies the different patterns of the painting by creating a battle between light and shadows.The effect of using light and dark in this painting is not meant to provoke meaningful thought, but rather to display an almost chimerical union between the light and dark, similar to the effect displayed by Hawthorne in the forest scene. Hawthorne also uses chiaroscuro to show conflicts between characters and the difference in their personality or spiritual well-being. â€Å"Old Roger Chillingworth, throughout life, had been calm and temperament, kindly, though not of warm affections†¦.Sometimes, a light glimmered out of the physician’s eyes, burning blue and ominous, like the reflection of a furnace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, is presented to the readers as a respectable man that was very upright and devoted to his job and those around him; however, he lacked any sense of passion or love. Once Chillingworth found out that Hester had committed adultery and would not name the father of her bastard child, it became Chillingworth’s mission to uncover the man that had lain with his wife in sin.He must search deep within Dimmesdale, minister for the town and who Chillingworth believes is responsible, using both human and supernatural remedies to extract the secret with no intention of forgiving Dimmesdale. Whereas Dimmesdale is seen as a trustworthy man for the Puritan citizens to bestow their own sins upon, ones of which Dimmesdale helps them to repent. Dimmesdale committed a sin in the eyes of the Puritan society, one born from his need to follow his natural instinct in which Hawthorne states to be good and later admitted to the masses that he was indeed the father and the second perpetrator in this earthly crime.â₠¬Å"And, as he drew towards the close, a spirit as of prophecy had come upon him†¦it was as if an angel, in his passage to the skies, had shaken his bright wings over the people for an instant- at once a shadow and a splendor- and had shed down a shower of golden truths upon them. † This quote displays the way that the Puritan people saw their pastor, a man that was both physically decaying before their eyes, but yet lit up by the word of the gospel. Dimmesdale would then follow his sermon with the confession of his sin, the last act of his mortal life.Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to depict the difference in the type of evil within the characters of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. Chillingworth is a man that did not sin in the terms that Dimmesdale did, however, he searches for it without the intent to forgive. Hawthorne expresses this as true evil and sin compared to Dimmesdale’s act of following his natural instinct, which is not a sin. Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to d epict the character or personality within his paintings. In Self Portrait as St.Paul (1661), the man in the panting is lit while the background and his facial features are considerably darkened. The dark eyes and background represent a type of detachment, whether the detachment is due to an outward or inner struggle. The light of the picture gives one the sense that the man is important or respected. However, the dark causes the audience to believe that the man is in a great deal of struggle or woe, possibly causing him to be dark and cold in the sense of personality, like the depiction of Chillingworth depicted by Hawthorne.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses a device known as chiaroscuro, contrasting light and dark elements, to help develop the characters and theme within The Scarlet Letter. The way Hawthorne displays this development can also be viewed in pieces by Rembrandt. Sin is portrayed in many ways throughout the novel. The forest is used as a symbol of moral bareness of which Hester succumbs to when she takes off the scarlet letter and releases herself from her sin. At this moment, the dark dreary forest is flooded with heavenly beauty of light and life.This play with shadowing and light elements can be viewed in Nightwatch by Rembrandt. This paitning expresses a link between the light and the dark and how they can exist at the same time, however one will always triumph. In the case of the forest scene, the light and the happiness of Hester triumphed over the evil that surrounds her. Hawthorne draws his characters out by having one behold elements, Roger Chillingworth, and the other character behold elements of light, Minister Dimmesdale.Hawthorne then goes deeper to express that the darkness of one might not be of evil intention, but rather dulled by everyday sin of which the light could be redeemed. Rembrandt displays this in the paint Self Portrait as St. Paul, showing how shadows can make one look disconnected and spiritually or emotionally barren. Chiaros curo is a tool used in both the literary and arts world that can help to evoke more emotion and audience thought. Without it, the characters and imagery would all be caught between shades of gloomy greys.

Cold War3 essays

Cold War3 essays After World War II, a struggle between the Communist nations and the democratic nations occurred which is known as the Cold War. The United States had a policy set up that clearly stated that any nation invaded by a communist country would have the assistance of the United States Government in controlling Communism expansion. This theory was known as containment. Containment was used throughout the Cold War, and the policy appeared to be a success by stopping communist Russia. Was the United States wise in implementing their philosophy of containment? Since the Communist nations were held back and did not expand their beliefs, the goal of the United States was reached and containment served its purpose. In my opinion, enforcing containment was an excellent decision. During World War II, the Communist and democratic nations fought as allies against Japan, Germany, and Italy. We were indeed the most powerful nation but we did not wish to receive the burden of world leadership. Thus resulting in the reduction of armed forces for the United States. Then, as we entered the Cold War, the United States and Russia were on separate sides wishing to defeat the other. What caused this change? During World War II we both had a common goal, to counter the Nazi threat. After Hitler was defeated, the United States and Russia remembered their longstanding disagreements. Before the Cold War began, the United States reduced their arms, but Russia only kept expanding. After the U.S. discovered Russias plan of expanding, they began to increase their military weapons. In order to stop Russia, a plan to counter their expansion must have been made. In the March of 1947, Harry Truman declared in the Truman Doctrine, that the United States would help any free nation resist a Communist attack. The theory used to contain the expansion of Communism throughout the world was known as the Containment Policy. Some believed that his new theor...

High School Sophomore Math Curriculum and Course Study

High School Sophomore Math Curriculum and Course Study The standards for mathematics education per grade vary by state, region, and country. Still, it is generally assumed that by the completion of the 10th grade, students should be able to grasp certain core concepts of math, which can be achieved by passing classes that include a complete curriculum of these skills. High School Sophomore Level Math Courses Some students may be on the fast track through their high school math education, already starting to take on the advanced challenges of Algebra II. The bare minimum requirements for graduating 10th grade includes an understanding of consumer maths, number systems, measurements and ratios, geometric shapes and calculations, rational numbers and polynomials, and how to solve for the variables of Algebra II. All students are expected to understand these concepts at this level. In most schools in the United States, students may choose between several learning tracks to complete the prerequisite four math credits needed to graduate High School. Math classes build upon each other, so each subject must be completed in the order they are presented: Pre-Algebra (for remedial students), Algebra I, Algebra II, Geometry, Pre-Calculus, and Calculus. Students must reach at least Algebra I before completing 10th grade. Different Learning Tracks for High School Mathematics Every high school in America does not operate in the same way, but most offer the same list of mathematics courses that sophomores in high school can take in order to graduate. Depending on the individual students proficiency in the subject, he or she can take the expedited, normal, or remedial courses for learning mathematics. In the advanced track, students are expected to take Algebra I in the eighth grade, allowing them to start Geometry in ninth grade, and take Algebra II in the 10th. Meanwhile, students in the normal track start Algebra I in ninth grade, and typically take either Geometry or Algebra II in 10th grade, depending on the school districts standards for math education. For students who struggle with math comprehension, most schools also offer a remedial track that still covers all of the basic concepts students must comprehend to graduate high school. However, instead of starting high school with Algebra I, these students take Pre-Algebra in ninth grade, Algebra I in 10th, Geometry in 11th, and Algebra II senior year. Core Concepts Every 10th-grade Graduate Should Grasp No matter which education track they are on- or whether or not they were enrolled in Geometry, Algebra I, or Algebra II- students graduating the 10th grade are expected to master certain mathematics skills and core concepts before heading into their sophomore years. Proficiency must be displayed with budgeting and tax calculations, complex number systems and problem-solving, theorems and measurements, shapes and graphing on coordinate planes, calculating variables and quadratic functions, and analyzing data sets and algorithms. Students should use appropriate mathematical language and symbols in all problem-solving situations, and be able to investigate problems by utilizing complex number systems and illustrating interrelationships of sets of numbers. Additionally, students should be able to recall and use primary trigonometric ratios and mathematical theorems like the Pythagorean to solve for measurements of line segments, rays, lines, bisectors, medians, and angles. In terms of geometry and trigonometry, students should also problem-solve, identify, and understand common properties of triangles, special quadrilaterals, and n-gons, including the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios. Additionally, they should be able to apply  Analytic Geometry to solve problems involving the intersection of two straight lines, and verify geometric properties of triangles and quadrilaterals. For Algebra, students should be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide rational numbers and polynomials,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹solve quadratic equations and problems involving quadratic functions. Furthermore, sophomores must be able to understand, represent, and analyze relationships using tables, verbal rules, equations, and graphs. Finally, 10th graders must be able to solve problems that involve variable quantities with expressions, equations, inequalities, and matrices.

The day the world took off Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The day the world took off - Essay Example This method of layout may seem odd to many but it is ideal for what the producer is trying to outline. The producer’s goal is to explain to the viewers what really happened and the factors that triggered these developments to happen. This format is excellent because basically, the producer is not documenting historical events; the film is an inquiry of why things turned out to be the way they are currently. This method however aids curiosity since when revolution questions pop into ones mind on why certain events occurred in history he or she tends to work backward rather than forward looking for the explanations and the causes that occurred prior to the event in the question. The films give out the very original and insightful explanations for a number of the key questions of Industrial Development. Some of these questions include; the reasons behind Industrial Revolution not happening in China rather than Europe since China was more promising than Europe a few years before. Why did some regions fall behind Asia and Europe in terms of Industrial Revolution , such as Pre-Columbus America and Africa?, and why did the development occurred in British and not in promising, technologically advanced, and powerful nations such as European countries. This film gives answers to these queries and many others. Many people have read many historical books and came up with fairly knowledge of the happening of industrial revolution events but this six films helps the viewer understand the industrial revolution in a clearer way.... Why did some regions fall behind Asia and Europe in terms of Industrial Revolution , such as Pre-Columbus America and Africa?, and why did the development occurred in British and not in promising, technologically advanced, and powerful nations such as European countries. This film gives answers to these queries and many others. Many people have read many historical books and came up with fairly knowledge of the happening of industrial revolution events but this six films helps the viewer understand the industrial revolution in a clearer way. Whereas going through many historical books will give one the development explanation and why certain historical events occurred in a very short term duration of maybe ten to twenty years, watching these films gives one a broad picture of industrial revolution and its cultural, technological, and social evolution. Having the big evolutionary picture in mind helps one to frame all historic books he or she have read and fit them in the human histor y big picture. This six part film series about history commissioned by Channel 4 teaches student about essential educational information on how technology advanced and why this advancement transforms various regions of the world and not others. For instance, why did China being the world’s greatest history of inventions, did not advance before West technologically? Why Japan abandoned the wheel technology? In addition, the reasons why the rain-swept European island off the coast become the technological revolution hub that would transform the entire world. This landmark series film of the Industrial Revolution origins challenges traditional outlooks of one of the main dramatic centuries in human being history.

Macroeconomics in Today's Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics in Today's Society - Essay Example All these stakeholders use macroeconomics in a variety of ways to achieve different and at times conflicting purposes. In general, macroeconomics provides the rationale for a range of questions, and solutions for a number of domestic and global concerns. They include reasons for different levels of income in different countries, causes for the rise and fall in general level of prices at different periods of time in a country, explanation for the expansion and contraction of employment and production in certain period of time than others, justification for consumption and conservation, saving and investment, borrowing and lending decisions, etc (Mankiw 204). In brief, macroeconomics provides the different stake holders with basic economic principles, instruments and various options to deal with specific economic issues. (a) Macroeconomics provides the government in a country with monetary and fiscal policy tools to control and regulate growth in incomes, employment, wages, interest rates, saving, investment, inflation, distribution of resources and produced goods and services, etc. (b) Macroeconomics offers individual firms to use their managerial skills to deal with tax rates, interest rates, etc., to plan their pricing policy, capita... (d) Researchers and academicians make cross country comparisons by utilizing macroeconomic situations in different countries to explain the causes and effects of a specific macroeconomic policy on the economic performance of a country, its welfare implications, and debate about the need for environmentally sound and sustainable development strategies. (e) International organizations utilize the macroeconomic variables of a country to shape a country's structural adjustment programs, and emphasize the need for fiscal prudence and balanced growth. (f) Non-governmental organizations, using the macroeconomic indicators, draw the attention of national governments, international bodies and the society at large towards unequal distribution of scare resources, and advocate the need for establishing a just society. (g) International investors base their investment decisions on the macroeconomic fundamentals of a country. If the macroeconomic fundamentals are strong, in their perceptions, they invest and vice versa. (h) Multilateral credit agencies and financial institutions offer financial assistance to countries depending on the merit of macroeconomic performance of a country. Depending upon the degree of risk involved, they charge a premium on their credit. (i) The opposition political parties in a country pick on the ruling government by using the macroeconomic parameters, in addition to political factors. (j) Non-governmental organizations create public awareness on the macroeconomic situations, and opt for advocacy in trying to establish a new social order, guided by the principles of justice. Macroeconomic policy tools consist of monetary and